The `Right to have Rights’:Citizenship Practice and the Political Constitution of the European Union

Richard Bellamy

European Union citizenship is defined and frequently analysed in terms of the entitlements and potential obligations it bestows on beneficiaries of this status (for example, O’Leary 1996, Lyons 1996). So conceived, citizenship becomes an epiphenomenon of how Europe is or might be constituted according to certain analytical typologies or ideal conceptions of capitalism, socialism and democracy. The main controversies surround its restriction to member state nationals, its relationship to national citizenship, and the various packages of rights and duties that citizens have or might receive under differing visions of Europe as either a pure free market, a form of supranational social market democracy, a new kind of transnational community and so on. The focus is on enumerating and either extending or limiting access and rights in order to classify or move Europe towards a given socio-economic and political model. Even those who characterise European citizenship as novel tend to see it in terms of the ways globalisation, or a global theory of justice, have, or could, produce an additional layer of supranational rights and obligations or even herald a cosmopolitan political order (for example, Soysal, 1994: 159; Linklater, 1998: Ch. 6).

Towards an ASEAN Human Rights Mechanism

 

A Concept Paper

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was founded in 1967 by the ASEAN Declaration (“Bangkok Declaration”). Its original members were Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines. Brunei joined in 1984. Vietnam became a member in 1995, while Laos and Myanmar/Burma became members in 1997. In 1998, Cambodia joined ASEAN.

Ganti Tag

Bagi saya bikin tag (label) itu tidak mudah. Tag menggambarkan isi, visi dan misi sebuah media. KOMPAS punya tag “amanat hari nurani rakyat”. KOMPAS ingin hariannya menjadi suara hati nuranai rakyat. Radio tempat saya bekerja dulu, Swaragama Fm, saat ini memiliki tag “the soundtrack of your life”, sebelumnya “makes your life in harmony”. Radio ini ingin posisi di mata pendengar layaknya tag yang ada. KOMNASHAM, tempat bekerja saya sekarang, punya tag “hak asasi manusia untuk untuk semua”.